Describe how antihistamines alleviate symptoms of allergies and allergic reactions. Discuss how antihistamines block histamine receptors, particularly H1 receptors, thereby inhibiting the effects of histamine release and mitigating symptoms such as itching, sneezing, and runny nose.
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Provide an in-depth explanation of how penicillins interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis. Discuss how penicillins bind to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), disrupting the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains, thereby weakening the bacterial cell wall and promoting bacterial cell lysis and death.









